Cervical Cancer
Most types of cancer – cervical cancer
is the lower portion of the uterus opens into the upper vagina. Col actions of a transition zone, the vaginal wall (epithelium) is changing the way the uterus (epithelium) through the transition zone (squamous) to accommodate the developing fetus. Cervical malignancy of the cervix or the neck area through the growth of abnormal cells with the DNA of cells caused the change.
Precervical pre-cervical cancer is the early stage of development of abnormal cells in cervical tissue, if left untreated, they can really develop invasive cervical cancer caused by factors associated with male seminal fluid. A vaccine helps prevent cervical cancer, Gardasil precursors of the two types of HPV infection was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2006. It is to your advantage to take the vaccine if you are sexually active with multiple partners.
A. Symptoms There are no specific symptoms in the pre-cervical cancer presented. It is usually discovered during the annual Pap test or Pap test.
as causes and risk factors
1
Age The average age of the pre-cervical cancer can occur as early as mid-thirties.
2
sexually active pre-cervical cancer occurs in sexually active women with multiple partners because of the risk of sexual transmission of diseases.
3 Smoking
The researchers found that smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer as a result of the carcinogenic effect of the inner wall of the uterus 4 A. Human papilloma virus
human papillomavirus (HPV) can be transmitted through seminal fluid that carries the virus without prior notice by the male partner, as it causes no symptoms and the problem. Cause of infection in the majority of HPV in women are temporary and have little long-term effect of importance, but it can develop from cervical cancer if the infection occurs. In some cases, if left untreated it advances to invasive cancer of the cervix.
as genital herpes than 45 million Americans are infected with genital herpes, with about one million new infections per year. Genital herpes, genital infection with herpes simplex virus and changes in the cells can cause the cervix, which against cervical cancer.
5 Early age age sex
At first sexual intercourse increases the risk of pre-cervical cancer because of the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
6 Etc..
C.
a diagnosis. Pap test or Pap smear
The Pap test or Pap smear is a screening test used in gynecology to examine changes in cervical cells to detect abnormal cell growth can guard against cancer, cancer of the cervix and cause a speculum to collect cells from the outer opening of the cervix. For best results, the Pap test does not happen when a woman her period because they could interfere with the outcome.
2
colposcopy Pap test or Pap smear results are abnormal, (most of the time, which is caused by inflammation or a vaginal infection, not from cervical cancer), your doctor may want to take on close examination of the cervix to determine the cause of your abnormal Pap test with an instrument, medical colposcope to see the cervix and determine sample is taken from the hazardous area for the investigation after the application of acetic acid mucus that cleans for abnormal areas easier to see. Sometimes it is necessary to use color filters to the capillaries of the epithelium to study intersection.
D. D.1 treatments. Sweet
1 against cervical cancer If you only have small changes, or you can have a colposcopy or another Pap test in six months, need, because these changes are benign abnormal cells return to normal itself.
2
ablation 2.1. Laser ablation than patients in the hospital most of the time is done, it is a form of treatment with the use of laser to the abnormal cells with a local anesthetic to burn. It can be done in a few minutes.
2.2. Side effects
a. redness and tenderness of the skin
b.
C infection
pain numbness d. e. f. Etc.
clots.
3
Cold Coagulation 3.1. The same purpose as above, abnormal cervical cells without affecting normal cells with a hot probe to burn the abnormal cells with a local anesthetic to remove. The treatment is also in hospital, the patients and completed in a short time.
3.2. Side effects
a. cramps and pain
b. C. Discharge bleeding
d. e. Fatigue Etc..
4 Cryosurgery, cryoablation or cryosurgery (freezing)
4 1st To burn instead of using hot probe to the infected area in the neck, uses
crytherapy a cold probe to freeze and destroy abnormal cells with a local anesthetic.
4.2. Side effects bleeding
a. b.
c. Fluid accumulation
d. numbness and cramping pain
e. Etc..
5 Diathermy or electrocautery
5.1. Diathermy is a treatment that uses an electromagnetic radio frequency power to destroy abnormal cells of the cervix with local anesthesia. It is, as patients in the hospital and made ready in a short period of time.
5.2. Side effects a.
as bleeding skin effect
c. Cramps and pain
d. An increased menstrual flow
e. Etc..
6 Hysterectomy
6.1. When you have completed your menopause or children, your doctor may remove the entire uterus.
6.2. A. Fatigue side effects
b. Cramp and pain
c. Nausea and vomiting
d. e. f. Etc.
7 Etc..
1 Cryosurgery
See above.
2 Conization conization
is a type of treatment with the medical device uses the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ) cone zones marked abnormal tissue surgically removed under general anesthesia. It is usually done in hospital as an outpatient.
3 Etc..
advanced stages of cervical cancer, that cancer cells spread to the lower surface of the cervix to tissue in the neck or other body parts.
1
2 abnormal bleeding. Unusual heavy discharge
3 Pain and bleeding during sex
4 Pelvic pain and cramps
5 Pain when urinating
6 Bleeding between
as causes and risk factors
See above
C.
first stage of invasive cervical cancer Stage 0 Cervical Caner
classified as level 0. If cancer cells did not penetrate into the deeper tissues, but remain in the surface of the cervical mucous.
2 Phase I
stage I, cancer is no longer in the area, but in the deep cervical mucous a. attacked
stage IA1 cancer is ≤ 3 mm (1 / 8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1 / 4 inch) wide.
A.1. Stage IA1: The application is ≤ 3 mm (8.1 in) in depth and ≤ 7 mm (4.1 inch) Stage IA2: Invasion area of ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1 / 5 inch) in depth and ≤ 7 mm (about 1 / 4 inch) wide
b.. Stage IB: Cancer in this stage have penetrated the connective tissue of the cervix, ≥ 5 mm (5.1 inch)
b.1 .. Stage IB1:. Cancer ≥ 4 cm wide (1 3 / 4 inches)
B.2. Stage IB2: The cancer ≥ 4 cm (1 3 / 4 inches), but ≤ 5 cm (2 inches)
3
Phase II Phase II, the cancer cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still in the pelvic area.
A. Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the
b. . spread Stage IIB: In this stage the cancer has spread to tissues near the cervix. This tissue is called the parametrial tissue
4 Level III
At this stage, the cancer cells have spread to the entire vagina and penetrate deep into the pelvic wall.
A. Stage IIIA. The cancer has spread to the entire vagina and the area in
b. contained Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread deep into the pelvic wall and interfered with the flow of urine from the bladder
5 .. Stage IV Stage IV
is the most advanced stage of cervical cancer, including cancer cells to distant parts of the body
a. dissemination stage IVA.
At this stage, the cancer cells have spread to nearby organs and tissues, but closed to the cervix, including the bladder or rectum
b. Stage IVB:
At this stage, cancer cells to distant areas of the body, including lungs, kidneys, etc., distributed
D. kinds of invasive cervical squamous D.1
Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that line the underside of the cervix. Abnormal growth of squamous cells represented 80-90% of invasive cervical cancer. The squamous cell carcinoma is divided were as one with squamous cell cancer of the cervix and is caused uncontrolled replication due to the changing DNA by a virus or other factors.
D. 2
adenocarcinoma of glandular cells located at the top of the cervix. Abnormal growth of glandular epithelial cells are accounted for 10 to 20 percent of invasive cervical cancers. Adenocarcinoma is cancer, including cancer of the cells of the glandular epithelium can be divided into the cervix and causes uncontrolled DNA replication due to the changing of a virus or other factors. Defined
Gardasil is approved for women between nine and 26 years in Canada, the infection of two types of HPV and to prevent the Food and Drug Administration in 2006. Symptoms include
1.1. Pain around the injection site
1.2. Swelling in the injection of 1.3
. Redness around the injection
1.4.
Fever 1.5.
Nausea 1.6 1.7 Dizziness. Diarrhea
1.8.
vomiting 1.9. Cough
1.10.
etc. But most people have no symptoms after the injection
2 If you cause sexually active use condoms in order to be protected against sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer.
3 Stop smoking to reduce the carcinogenic effect
4 To begin annual Pap test or pap smear abnormal cell growth in early
5 A limited number of sexual partners
6 Etc..
A.2. Dietary supplements
1 Detial for other antioxidants of antioxidants, please visit Antioxidants in many studies shown to be effective in preventing the exchange of DNA during cell division and replication oxidation.In effects of people eating a diet rich in antioxidants causes of food are less likely to develop cancer.
2 Beta-carotene Beta-carotene
in food is the closest precursor of vitamin A is a strong antioxidant and free radical release helped to reduce the risk of cell mutation caused by free radicals does reduce, but also improves the immune system to fight The virus causes cervical cancer.
lack of beta-carotene may develop into cervical cancer or precancerous lesions.
3 Folic acid
researchers found that folic acid improves the normal cellular changes seen in cervical dysplasia due to folate deficiency, reducing the risk of impairment of homocysteine.
4 Omega 3 fatty acids to reduce omega-3 fatty acids, inflammation
the balance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids that cause inflammation through the production of hormones in the family causing prostaglandins. Current study found that omega-3 fish are the growth of cancer cells in the cervix caused by HPV is inhibited.
5 Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10
improves energy production by promoting the process of ATP production and serve as fuel for the cells and acts as an antioxidant in preventing free radical process, thus reducing the risk of cervical cancer.
6 Etc..
treatment of invasive cervical cancer depends on the stage of
B. Types of treatment
1
Surgery Most patients with invasive or invasive cervical cancer is surgery necessary. Although non-invasive cancer patients do not need further treatment, patients in the usual invasive cancer is necessary to combine other treatments such as radiotherapy. Types of operations include those mentioned above.
A. trachelectomy trachelectomy cervicectomy or is surgery to remove the collar, but to preserve the uterus, when infertility is the concern of young women with early cervical cancer
b.
Since causes the removal of the uterus that the patient’s inability to bear children, then surgery is usually recommended for menopause or who are ready, children or women no other treatment option available because of the aforementioned diseases.
2 Radiotherapy
With high energy X-rays or other types of radiation, radiation kills cancer cells and keep them from growing or growth. If the cancer is small, the cancer can be cured. If the cancer is large, radiation used to control local symptoms worsen.
A. External radiation therapy with external beam (EBT), a beam of high energy X-rays or other types of radiation to the tumor of a patient directed outward, depending on what stage the cancer.
as brachytherapy By placing a small amount of radioactive seeds or sources of a medical device in the uterus or vagina before killing with high energy X-rays or other types of radiation on cancer cells without radiation affects the healthy surrounding tissue.
c. Side effects
c.1.
Fatigue C.2.
chest pain c.3.
C.4 heart problem. Short />
C.6. Etc..
3
A. chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the use of dealing with the most advanced stage of cervical cancer associated with radiation, because it has spread to distant parts of the body with drugs orally or by injection into a vein or taken from one patient to the muscle stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Chemotherapeutic drugs, including platinum and taxol.
b.1 as side effects. Nausea
B.2.
vomiting b.3.
hair loss b.4.
Fatigue B.5.
B.6 anemia. Sores in the mouth, altered taste and smell B.7
.
B.8 infection. Etc..
A. Stage 0 Cervical Caner
classified as stage 0. If cancer cells did not penetrate into the deeper tissues, but remain in the surface of the cervical mucous.
B. Phase I
B. 1 Treatment options for stage IA1 include:
1
conization 2.Trachelectomy third
4 brachytherapy. Etc..
B. 2 . Stage IA2
treatment options for stage IA2 include:
1 Hysterectomy
2 External beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy
3 Trachelectomy (col withdrawal only), if the pregnancy is a concern
B.3. Stage IB1. IB1 can
treatment options for stage
1 Hysterectomy
2 Internal and external radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
3
trachelectomy B.4. Stage IB2. Treatment options for Phase 1B2 can
1 Hysterectomy
2
3 chemotherapy. Radiotherapy
C. C.1 Phase II. Stage IIA.
treatment options for Phase II can
1 Internal and external radiation therapy
2, 3
radiotherapy. Chemotherapy
4 Radical hysterectomy
C.2. Stage IIB.
treatment options for stage IIB can
1 Combined internal and external radiation
2 Chemotherapy with cisplatin
D. Stage III.
Treatment options for stage III and stage IIIB can
1 Combined internal and external radiation therapy more
2 Chemotherapy
E. E.1 stage IV. Stage IVA.
treatment options for stage IVA can
1 Combined internal and external radiation therapy more
2 Chemotherapy
E.2. Stage IVB.
stage IVB cancer is generally considered incurable. Treatment options include:
1 Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms of
2 Chemotherapy with cisplatin and the combination with another drug
B.2. With herbs
1 Reishi Mushroom Reishi Mushroom is a fungus Ganoderma
, sex, marital status beloning Ganodermataceae, it is also known as Ling Zhi in traditional Chinese medicine known and famous for its protective effect from cancer. It was used as an anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant in the MTC and the researchers found that reishi mushroom the body’s natural killer cells and T-cells help the cancer, slow the growth of cancer cells col.
2
Aloe Extract Aloe Vera Aloe is a genus of the family comes from Sudan Xanthorrhoeaceae. The extract of aloe emodin was not only an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but also inhibits the proliferation by triggering apoptosis, a mechanism of self-destruction of cancer cells
3 Astragalus Extract Astragalus
is grass, Astragalus species belongs to the legume family Fabaceae. In the rat study, researchers found that the extract of Astragalus cytostatic properties in the inhibition of tumor growth and delay-induced chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.
4 have. To extract green tea catechin.
Green tea is consumed for thousands of years in the history of mankind, have undergone only the leaves of Camellia sinensis, the minimal oxidation. Reduced polyphenols, a powerful antioxidant in green tea reduce the risk of cancer by changing the DNA of cells caused by free radicals before oxidation begins. There is also a substance epigallocatechin-3-gallate has been shown that cervical cancer prevention activities in published animal studies, according to a study in 2009 on the website of the Arizona Cancer Center.
5 Curcumin turmeric
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, is used in a traditional Indian curry as a spice. A study in the book “Herbal Medicine, Healing and Cancer,” written by Donald Yance, Arlene Valentine appears, turmeric, to reduce the growth of cervical cancer by inhibiting the formation of free radicals.
6 Etc..
B.3. With Chinese herbs
1 Dang Dang
Who’s Who, which is also known as Chinese angelica root is used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and is considered an herb of the Queen for the women of childbearing enhancer. Researchers found that the risk of anti-oxidation has been obtained by getting rid of free radicals before they cause a mutation of cells. In vitro, the researchers found that extracts from Dang, exhibits anti-tumor, anti-tuberculosis (TB), and the neuroprotective effects hemotopoeitic.
2 Huang Qi Huang Qi
is also known as talus. The soft grass was used in traditional Chinese medicine to
Endurance, protect the liver and regulate blood sugar levels by improving the functions of chains of the lung and spleen. In the rat study, researchers found that extracts of astragalus have cytostatic properties by inhibition of tumor growth and delay-induced chemical hepatocarcinogenesis
third Ren Ren Shen Shen
, also known as Panax ginseng. The soft, warm herb works in traditional Chinese medicine to improve as an anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-stress and cardiac function, including shortness of breath, palpitations used, sweating moment of blood pressure, etc., to improve the functions of the spleen and lung channels. In-vitro study, researchers found that ginsenosides Panax ginseng extract has shown anti-cancer effects.
4 Chai Hu
Chai Hu Bupleurum is also known as. The cold and bitter herb has reduced in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory, used anti-tumor, antiviral and antibacterial agents, and to alleviate pain, improve the immune system, the heat, etc., by improving liver function, gall bladder, pericardium and triple burner channels. Saikosaponins found, Chai Hu substances were detected in vitro studies, cytotoxicity, a mechanism to increase the self-destruction of cancer cells.
5 Dai Qing Dai
QIG is also known as natural indigo. Salt grass and cold bben in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), eczema, epilepsy, children, etc. treated by improving the function of the channels liver, lung and stomach. It will be used in combination with other herbs to treat cancer.
6 Etc..
HPV vaccination and prevention of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is responsible for more deaths
any off than any other gynecological disease, and is the largest preventable health of women today. Worldwide each year, 4 are 93 243 women with cervical cancer who were diagnosed 2,40,000 women die of this disease (WHO). India for more than a quarter of global disease burden. Every year about 1,32,082 cases of cancer are diagnosed and about 74 118 women die from this disease, the cancer is the commonest cancer of women in our country.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now an established cause of cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus is a double-stranded DNA virus from the family papovaviride. More than 100 species identified, 30 infect genital ano. High-risk types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68 are associated with neoplasia. HPV 16 and 18 in 70% of cancer cases this wide world, 45 and 31 with another 10% of cancer cases. Low-risk types 6, 11, 42, 43, 44 associated with genital warts (cardyloma) and do not cause cancer. Nearly 100 cases of cervical cancer with HPV%, 90% of cases of anal cancer, 40% of each of the vulva, vagina, penis and about 12% of the oral cavity and throat are connected, HPV-related cancers.
Cervical cancer ranks the first
most common cancer among women aged 15-44 years. According to the WHO / Information Centre on HPV and cervical cancer, ICO, India’s population of 365 710 000 women aged 15 years who are at increased risk for cancer. About 6.6% of women in the general population are estimated to harbor cervical infection at some point and 76.7% of invasive cervical cancer in India are associated with HPV 16 and 18. Human papilloma virus is spread primarily through sexual contact. Infection can occur in less than 1 month after the sexual contact fist.
HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but not a sufficient cause. Other cofactors are necessary for the progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer. High parity, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives and co-infection identified with HIV was, as co-factors found to co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type-2, immunosuppression, and certain dietary deficiencies are other probable cofactors .
With the knowledge of HPV (oncogenic types) as the cause of this cancer, have two types of vaccine strategies designed to prophylactic vaccines are virus like particles (VLP) HPV vaccine is administered in three doses at day 0, 1, 2 and 6 months by intramuscular injection (0.5 ml syringe) to a single dose. This requires refrigeration at 2 to 8 0 C. They are sure that no viral DNA in the vaccine group and bearable. Common side effects are reactions at the injection site, redness, swelling, and mild to moderate pain. Not recommended for pregnant women because of limited safety data.
After the vaccination against HPV women are regularly screening program using the Pap test, that the vaccine does not provide 100% protection, hence the need for the Board of all women who are primary prevention by HPV vaccination.prophylactic vaccine against HPV
provide effective primary prevention for these cancers and shows promise, the burden of cancer in the world to reduce especially in developing countries.